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LGBT topics in medicine are those that relate to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people's health issues and access to health services. According to the US Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA), besides HIV/AIDS, issues related to LGBT health include breast and cervical cancer, hepatitis, mental health, substance abuse, tobacco use, depression, access to care for transgender persons, issues surrounding marriage and family recognition, conversion therapy, and refusal clause legislation, and laws that are intended to "immunize health care professionals from liability for discriminating against persons of whom they disapprove."〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageId=532 )〕 Studies show that LGBT people experience health issues and barriers related to their sexual orientation and/or gender identity or expression. Many avoid or delay care or receive inappropriate or inferior care because of perceived or real homophobia or transphobia, and discrimination by health care providers and institutions.,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://ce54.citysoft.com/_data/n_0001/resources/live/GLMA%20guidelines%202006%20FINAL.pdf ) 〕 in other words reason is negative personal experience, the assumption or expectation of negative experience based on knowing of history of such experience in other LGBT people, or both.〔(Handbook of health behavior research, David S. Gochman, p.145 )〕 It is often pointed that the reason of this is heterosexism in medical care and research:〔( Handbook of health behavior research, David S. Gochman, chapter 7, Health behaviour in lesbians, (Homophobia and heterosexism in healthcare system), pp. 145-147 )〕〔(in Health and Social Care, Julie Fish, 2006 )〕 "Heterosexism can be purposeful (decreased funding or support of research projects that focus on sexual orientation) or unconscious (demographic questions on intake forms that ask the respondent to rate herself or himself as married, divorced, or single). These forms of discrimination limit medical research and negatively impact the health care of LGB individuals. This disparity is particularly extreme for lesbians (compared to homosexual men) because they have a double minority status, and experience oppression for being both female and homosexual." Especially with lesbian patients they may be discriminated in three ways: # ''homophobic'' attitudes # ''heterosexist'' judgements and behaviour # ''general sexism'' — with focusing primarily male health concerns and services; assigning subordinate to that of men health roles for women, as for service providers and service recipients 〔 ==Issues affecting LGBT people generally== Research from the UK indicates that there appears to be limited evidence available from which to draw general conclusions about lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender health because epidemiological studies have not incorporated sexuality as a factor in data collection.〔 Review of research that has been undertaken suggests that there are no differences in terms of major health problems between LGBT people and the general population, although LGBT people generally appear to experience poorer health, with no information on common and major diseases, cancers or long-term health.〔 Mental health appears worse among LGBT people than among the general population, with depression, anxiety and suicide ideation being 2-3 times higher than the general population.〔 There appear to be higher rates of eating disorder and self-harm, but similar levels of obesity and domestic violence to the general population; lack of exercise and smoking appear more significant and drug use higher, while alcohol consumption is similar to the general population.〔 Polycystic ovaries and infertility were identified as being more common amongst lesbians than heterosexual women.〔 The research indicates noticeable barriers between LGB patients and health professionals, and the reasons suggested are homophobia, assumptions of heterosexuality, lack of knowledge, misunderstanding and over-caution; institutional barriers were identified as well, due to assumed heterosexuality, inappropriate referrals, lack of patient confidentiality, discontinuity of care, absence of LGBT-specific healthcare, lack of relevant psycho-sexual training.〔 Research points to issues encountered from an early age, such as LGBT people being targeted for bullying, assault, and discrimination, as contributing significantly to depression, suicide and other mental health issues in adulthood.〔(Rates and predictors of mental illness in gay men, lesbians and bisexual men and women ), British Journal of Psychiatry, (2004) 185: 479-485〕 Social research suggests that LGBT experience discriminatory practices in accessing healthcare. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Healthcare and the LGBT community」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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